Wie das KI-Coaching funktioniert

Mischa Janiec im Gespräch mit MyFitCoach-Entwickler Dr. Tim Würth

Evidenzbasiertes optimum

angewandt auf deine individuelle SITUATION

MyFitCoach ist eine künstliche Intelligenz, die Fitness-Athleten und Natural-Bodybuilder durch vollständig evidenzbasiertes und individualisiertes Trainings- und Ernährungs-Coaching auf dem effizientesten Weg zu ihrem Ziel führt.

Deshalb beruht die MyFitCoach-KI nicht auf Meinungen, sondern auf über 50 Jahren praxiserprobter Wissenschaft und den Erfahrungswerten der weltbesten Coaches (wie z.B. Lyle McDonald, Layne Norten, 3DMJ, etc.).

MyFitCoach wendet diese evidenzbasierten Erkenntnisse in der korrekten Priorität auf den individuellen Fall des Athleten an.

Beim Bodybuilding gibt es unzählige Variablen, die zueinander in Wechselwirkung stehen. Beim Training gibt es unter anderem Volumen, Frequenz, Intensität und Progression, die alle stark zueinander und mit den Variablen der Ernährung (Kalorien, Makros, etc.), der Regeneration und dem Körpergewicht in Wechselwirkung stehen.

Die MyFitCoach-KI ist in der Lage, all diese Variablen optimal auf die individuelle Situation des Athleten zuzuschneiden und all diese Variablen jede Woche basierend auf der Entwicklung des Athleten zu optimieren.

Durch MyFitCoach steht nun jedem Athleten ein vollständig evidenzbasiertes, individualisiertes und objektives Coaching zur Verfügung, um sein genetisches Potenzial auf dem effizientesten Weg ausschöpfen zu können.

Wie das KI-Coaching abläuft

Zu Beginn des Coachings analysiert MyFitCoach mithilfe von 21 Fragen zum Körperstatus, Training, Ernährung und Ziel, die individuelle Situation des Athleten. Mit diesen Daten erstellt MyFitCoach ein vollständig evidenzbasiertes Trainings- und Ernährungsprogramm maßgeschneidert auf den Athleten und seine aktuelle Situation.

Das Coaching findet vollständig in der MyFitCoach-App auf dem Smartphone statt. Der Athlet führt in der ersten Woche sein Training und seine Ernährung durch und trackt beides innerhalb der App.

Beim Training werden dem Athleten bei jeder Übung die Ziel-Wiederholungen, das Ziel-Gewicht und die Ziel-RPE vorgegeben. Der Athlet trägt dann nach jedem Satz ein, wie viele Wiederholungen, welches Gewicht und welche RPE er tatsächlich erreicht hat, um MyFitCoach mit den nötigen Trainingsdaten zu versorgen.

Beim Abschließen der Trainingswoche nach der letzten Einheit wird der Athlet nach seiner Ermüdung und nach der spezifischen Regeneration aller Muskelgruppen befragt.

Bei der Ernährung werden dem Athleten die täglichen Kalorien- und Makroziele vorgegeben. Der Athlet kann seine täglichen Makros, seine Kalorien und sein Körpergewicht in der App tracken.

Ausgestattet mit diesen Coaching-Daten analysiert MyFitCoach jede Woche die Trainings-Performance, die Regeneration, die Ernährung und die Körpergewichtsentwicklung des Athleten und führt datengetriebene  progressive Anpassungen des Trainingsvolumens, der Trainingsgewichte, Wiederholungen, RPE Kalorien, Makros und weiterer Variablen durch.

Mit jeder Eingabe lernt MyFitCoach den Athleten besser kennen und kann ihn besser zu seinem Ziel führen.

Trainingsplan-Erstellung

Volumen

Volumen = mit wie vielen Sätzen ein Muskel pro Woche trainiert wird (innerhalb optimaler Intensität und optimalen Wiederholunngsbereichen).

Der Haupttreiber für Fortschritt beim Muskelaufbau ist das Trainingsvolumen. Die Wissenschaft hat gezeigt, dass zwischen dem Trainingsvolumen und Muskelwachstum eine eindeutige dose-response Beziehung bis zu einem bestimmten Punkt besteht.

Die obere Grenze des Volumens wird beim einzelnen Athleten durch die ausreichende oder unzulängliche Regeneration bestimmt. Ob der Athlet ausreichend regeneriert ist, erkennt man an dem existierenden oder fehlenden Fortschritt im Training. Für maximales Muskelwachstum sollte man mit genau so viel Volumen trainieren, wie man sich noch davon regenerieren und weiterhin Fortschritte im Training erzielen kann.

Deshalb liegt der Hauptfokus beim Trainings-Coaching auf dem Herausfinden des optimalen Volumens (nicht zu wenig und nicht zu viel, sondern das optimale Volumen), um maximale und dauerhafte Progression selbst bei sehr fortgeschrittenen Athleten sicherstellen zu können.

Beim Festlegen des optimalen Volumens gibt es zwei Herausforderungen: 1. Das optimale Volumen ist bei jedem Athleten individuell und 2. es verändert sich mit der Zeit.

MyFitCoach findet das optimale Volumen des Athleten durch systematisches Ausprobieren ausgehend von einem evidenzbasierten Startvolumen unter Berücksichtigung der Fortgeschrittenheit und falls bekannt des bisherigen Volumens des Athleten, sowie möglichen Verletzungen und Prioritäten heraus.

Am Ende jeder Trainingswoche fragt MyFitCoach nach der Ermüdung und Regeneration des Athleten. MyFitCoach analysiert dann den Trainingsfortschritt und die Regeneration des Athleten und passt basierend auf diesen zwei Parametern das zukünftige Volumen an, damit der Athlet dauerhaft mit dem für ihn optimalen Volumen trainiert.

Startvolumen:

Wenn vorhanden beim Athleten, wird das bisherige Volumen und der darauf basierende Fortschritt und die Regeneration pro Muskel verwendet. 

Ansonsten wird das Volumen je nach Fortgeschrittenheitsgrad zwischen 10 bis 20 Sätze pro Muskel pro Woche festgelegt. Besonders fortgeschrittene Athleten können auch mehr als 20 Sätze pro Muskel pro Woche bekommen. Dies sind lediglich Startwerte und werden nach jedem Zyklus je nach Fortschritt und Regeneration angepasst.

Frequenz

Frequenz = wie oft und mit welchem Abstand ein Muskel pro Woche trainiert wird.

Die Wissenschaft hat gezeigt, dass eine 2er Frequenz pro Woche zuträglicher für Muskelwachstum ist, als eine 1er Frequenz. Höhere Frequenzen zeigen kaum begünstigende Effekte.

Die Frequenz dient zur Verteilung des Volumens auf die Trainingswoche, um die optimale Performance und Regeneration sicherzustellen.

Deshalb strebt MyFitCoach eine Mindestfrequenz von 2 pro Muskel pro Woche an und wählt ggf. für einzelne oder alle Muskeln höhere Frequenzen, wenn das Volumen und die Regeneration dies erfordern.

Anstrengungsintensität (INTENSITY OF EFFORT)

Anstrengungsintensität = mit wie viel Anstrengung ein Muskel trainiert wird (gemessen in RIR).

RIR (Reps in Reserve) dient als Maß, um das subjektive Anstrengungsempfinden zu messen.

Die RIR wird dahingehend optimiert, dass der Athlet möglichst effektiv sein nötiges Trainingsvolumen für Muskelwachstum ansammeln kann.

In der Mehrheit der Sätze wird RIR 2 vorgegeben und vereinzelt an den richtigen Stellen auf RIR 1 oder 0 erhöht, wenn die Performance oder Regeneration dadurch im aktuellen Training oder in den nächsten Einheiten nicht beeinträchtigt wird.

BELASTUNGSINTENSITÄT (Intensity of Load)

Belastungsintensität = mit wie viel Gewicht ein Muskel trainiert wird (gemessen in Prozent des 1 Rep-Max [1RM]).

Die Wissenschaft zeigt, dass ein Muskel eine progressive Überlastung braucht, um zu wachsen. Deshalb steigert MyFitCoach die Trainingsgewichte und Wiederholungen progressiv im Verlauf der einzelnen Trainingszyklen.

In der ersten Trainingswoche wählt der Athlet seine Gewichte selbst mit der Bedingung die vorgegebenen Wiederholungen und RPE möglichst genau zu treffen. Ab der zweiten Woche erhöht MyFitCoach die Leistung des Athleten wöchentlich durch progressive Anpassungen der Gewichte und Wiederholungen.

Wiederholungsbereiche

Wiederholungsbereich = wie viele Wiederholungen in den Sätzen durchgeführt werden.

Die Wiederholungsbereiche sind speziell gewählt, um möglichst effektiv das nötige Volumen für Muskelwachstum ansammeln zu können.

Low-Rep-Sätze: 4 – 7 Wiederholungen

Mid-Rep-Sätze: 8 – 12 Wiederholungen

High-Rep-Sätze: 13 – 20 Wiederholungen

Im Großteil der Sätze werden Mid-Reps verwendet. Vereinzelt werden auch High-Reps bei Isolationsübungen verwendet, wo dies Sinn macht. Low-Reps werden vereinzelt bei Verbundübungen verwendet und nach Wunsch auch vermehrt eingesetzt, wenn der Athlet einen besonderen Fokus auf Kraftsteigerung  legt.

Übungsauswahl

MyFitCoach wählt die Übungen primär, um das Ziel-Volumen aller Muskelgruppen des Athleten möglichst perfekt zu treffen.

Es werden Übungen in den Trainingsplan eingebaut, die sich in der Praxis bewährt haben und die für den jeweiligen Muskel die höchste Effektivität aufweisen.

Der Athlet kann jederzeit Übungen gegen andere Übungen derselben Art (gleicher Primary Mover oder gleicher Bewegungsablauf) in seinem Plan austauschen, wenn dies aus Vorliebe gewünscht wird oder weil bestimmte Übungen im jeweiligen Gym nicht verfügbar sind.

Zudem werden die unterschiedlichen Funktionsweisen des jeweiligen Muskels abgedeckt, damit der Muskel im Verlauf einer Trainingswoche optimal gereizt wird. Bei Hamstrings werden z.B. Übungen für die Hüftstreckung (z.B. Rumänisches Kreuzheben) als auch für die Kniebeugung (z.B. Beinbeugen an der Maschine) eingeplant.

Bei Verletzungen oder Schmerzen können bestimmte Übungen und Bewegungsmuster ausgeschlossen werden und dann sucht MyFitCoach dafür die optimalen Alternativen, damit der Athlet bei Verletzungen weiterhin Fortschritt machen kann.

Reihenfolge

Koordinatorisch schwierigere Übungen wie z.B. Kniebeugen, Kreuzheben oder Bankdrücken werden eher am Anfang des Trainings platziert und einfache Isolationsübungen eher am Ende des Trainings.

Zusätzlich werden priorisierte Muskeln nach Möglichkeit zuerst trainiert, um für diese Muskeln die maximale mögliche Performance und Fortschritt sicherzustellen.

Da die Übungsreihenfolge jedoch keine besonders hohe Wichtigkeit im Training hat, kann der Athlet diese natürlich auf sich anpassen.

Pausenzeiten

Die Pausenzeiten werden je nach Kreislaufbelastung in den Plan eingebaut, wobei schwere Verbundübungen längere Pausenzeiten bekommen als leichtere Isolationsübungen.

Je nach verfügbarer Trainingszeit kürzt MyFitCoach Pausenzeiten, um mehr Volumen unterbringen zu können oder verlängert Pausenzeiten, um die Performance in jedem einzelnen Satz zu maximieren. Dabei gibt es natürlich eine minimale und eine maximale Pausenzeit je Übung, damit der Athlet sich bei noch so viel Zeitdruck ausreichend zwischen den Sätzen erholen kann.

Periodisierung & Volumen-Anpassung

MyFitCoach periodisiert das Training des Athleten in Zyklen. Ein Zyklus besteht aus vier Trainingswochen und einer Woche Deload. MyFitCoach vergleicht die Performance  der ersten beiden Trainingswochen eines Zyklus mit der Performance der ersten beiden Trainingswochen des vorherigen Zyklus für jede einzelne Übung. Dadurch wird erkannt, welche Muskeln Fortschritt gemacht haben und welche nicht.

Für alle Muskeln, die Fortschritt gemacht haben, wird keine Volumen-Anpassung vorgenommen, da dieses Volumen für diesen Muskel aktuell funktioniert. Für alle Muskeln, die stagnieren oder sogar Rückschritt machen, passt MYFITCOACH das Volumen für jeden einzelnen Muskel auf Basis der subjektiven Regeneration des Athleten an. MYFITCOACH reduziert das Volumen, wenn der Muskel überlastet ist und erhöht es, wenn er unterlastet ist.

Progression & Performance-steigerung

MyFitCoach steigert die Leistung des Athleten von Training zu Training mit unser eigens entwickelten Performance Progression. Hierbei wird die Performance, die wir mithilfe des geschätzten 1 Rep Max (E1RM) ermitteln, in möglichst kleinen und gleichmäßigen Schritten gesteigert. Herkömmliche Progressionsmodelle (wie z.B. Double Progression) nutzen stark vereinfachte Progressionsschemata, die den Nachteil haben, dass bei Gewichts- oder Wiederholungssteigerungen sehr große Performance-Steigerungen oder -Senkungen entstehen (siehe roten Beispiel-Fall).

Bei der MyFitCoach Performance Progression wird der Athlet in für ihn angemessenen Schritten je nach Fortgeschrittenheit gesteigert, sodass er sich bei jedem Training ein wenig in seiner Performance steigert, egal wie fortgeschritten er/sie ist (siehe türkisen Beispiel-Fall).

AUtoregulation

MyFitCoach lässt den Athleten in erster Linie nach RPE trainieren, da Progression durch die korrekten Rahmenbedingungen in Training und Ernährung entsteht.

Hat der Athlet mal einen besonders guten oder besonders schlechten Tag, passt MyFitCoach die Performance-Vorgaben (Wiederholungen und Gewichte) an seine aktuelle Tagesform an. Hierbei werden zuerst die Wiederholungen und, wenn er die vorgesehene Rep-Range verlässt, die Gewichte innerhalb einer Übung auf Grundlage der Leistung in den bereits erbrachten Sätzen angepasst.

Damit wird verhindert, dass der Athlet viel zu hart oder viel zu lasch trainiert, weil er seine vorgegebenen Wiederholungen und Gewichte krampfhaft einhalten will. Somit wird sichergestellt, dass der Athlet die Progression auf sich zukommen lässt und er sich im Training nicht selbst betrügen kann.

ERNÄHRUNGS-COACHING

MyFitCoach nutzt Flexible Dieting als den bewährtesten Ernährungsansatz zum Coaching seiner Athleten. Es gibt keine „guten“ oder „schlechten“ Lebensmittel, sondern nur Kalorien, Makro- und Mikronährstoffe, die wenn sie getroffen werden, die gewünschten Resultate auf der Waage und im Spiegel liefern.

Zu Beginn des Coachings wählt der Athlet, ob er primär Muskelaufbau, Fettabbau oder Rekomposition erreichen möchte. Falls bekannt, verwendet MyFitCoach die bisherigen Makros des Athleten als Ausgangspunkt. Alternativ berechnet MyFitCoach die Startmakros basierend auf allen körperlichen Daten des Athleten.

Der Athlet trackt die gegessenen Makros und das Körpergewicht täglich in der App und MyFitCoach lernt den Athleten auf Basis dieser Daten kennen und passt die Kalorien und Makros basierend auf der durchschnittlichen Körpergewichts-Entwicklung wöchentlich an.

QUALITÄT DER EVIDENZ

Fitness und Bodybuilding sind von Anekdoten und Bro-Tipps Einzelner nur so überflutet. Auf YouTube findet man Autoritäten für so ziemlich jeden Standpunkt, den man sich nur ausdenken kann. Nur weil jemand sich einen beeindruckenden Körper aufgebaut hat, bedeutet das noch lange nicht, dass er/sie weiß, was für andere Athleten funktioniert.

Damit unsere Athleten die bestmöglichen Resultate erzielen, haben wir unser Coaching einer wissenschaftlichen Grundlage verschrieben. Demnach versuchen wir möglichst jede unserer Coaching-Entscheidungen wissenschaftlich begründen zu können.

Damit du dir ein Bild unser aktuellen wissenschaftlichen Entscheidungsgrundlage machen kannst, haben wir eine Auflistung der von MyFitCoach verwendeten Studien gemacht und diese in sinnvolle Kategorien unterteilt.

Offensichtlich wiegt nicht jede Art von Evidenz gleich schwer. Meta-Analysen und systematische Reviews sind weitaus bessere Evidenz als mechanistische Studien oder Autoritätenmeinungen. Deshalb haben wir innerhalb der einzelnen Kategorien nochmal in Primär- und Sekundär-Quellen unterschieden.

Trainings-wissenschaftliche Grundlage

Primär-Quellen:

Bartholomew, J.B., et al., Strength gains after resistance training: the effect of stressful, negative life events. J Strength Cond Res. 22(4): p. 1215-21, 2008.

Colquhoun, R.J., et al., Comparison of powerlifting performance in trained men using traditional and flexible daily undulating periodization. J Strength Cond Res. 31(2): p. 283–91, 2017.

Scott, Warren A., Maximizing performance and the prevention of injuries in competitive athletes.‘ Current sports medicine reports. 1(3): p. 184-190, 2002.

 

Sekundär-Quellen:

Aasa, U., et al., Injuries among weightlifters and powerlifters: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 51(4): p. 211–19, 2017.

Fishbach, A. and J. Choi, When thinking about goals undermines goal pursuit. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 118(2): p. 99-107, 2012.

McNamara, J.M. and D.J. Stearne, Flexible Nonlinear Periodization in a Beginner College Weight Training Class. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 24(1): p. 17-22, 2010.

Hunter, G.R., Changes in body composition, body build and performance associated with different weight training frequencies in males and females. Strength Cond J. 7(1): p. 26–8, 1985.

Carvalho, A.D., and Rodrigues, S.J., Nonconsecutive versus consecutive-day resistance training in recreationally trained subjects. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 58(3): p. 233–40, 2018.

Yang, Y., et al., Effects of Consecutive versus Nonconsecutive Days of Resistance Training on Strength, Body Composition and Red Blood Cells. Front Physiol. 18(9): p. 725, 2018.

Richards, J., et al., Don’t worry, be happy: cross-sectional associations between physical activity and happiness in 15 European countries. BMC Public Health. 15(1): p. 53, 2015.

Yorks, D.M., Frothingham, C.A., and Schuenke, M.D., Effects of Group Fitness Classes on Stress and Quality of Life of Medical Students. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 117(11): e17–25, 2017.

Robineau, J., et al., Specific training effects of concurrent aerobic and strength exercises depend on recovery duration. J Strength Cond Res. 30(3): p. 672–83, 2016.

Keogh, J.W. and P.W. Winwood, The Epidemiology of Injuries Across the Weight-Training Sports. Sports Med. 47(3): p. 479–501, 2017.

Cumps, E., Verhagen, E., Meeusen, R., Prospective epidemiological study of basketball injuries during one competitive season: ankle sprains and overuse knee injuries. J Sports Sci Med. 6(2): p. 204, 2007.

Primär-Quellen:

Mark D Peterson, Matthew R Rhea, and Brent A Alvar. Maximizing strength development in athletes: a meta-analysis to determine the dose-response relationship. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 18(2): p. 377-382, 2004.

Ralston, et al., The effect of weekly set volume on strength gain: a meta-analysis. Sports Med. 47(12): p. 2585–601, 2017.

Schoenfeld, B.J., Ogborn, D., Krieger, J.W., Dose-response relationship between weekly resistance training volume and increases in muscle mass: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci. 35(11): p. 1073–82.7, 2017.

Baz-Valle, E.N., Fontes-Villalba, M., Santos-Concejero, J., Total Number of Sets as a Training Volume Quantification Method for Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res. [Epub ahead of print], 2018.

Mathias Wernbom, Jesper Augustsson, and Roland Thomee. The influence of frequency, intensity, volume and mode of strength training on whole muscle cross-sectional area in humans. Sports medicine. 37(3): p. 225–264, 2007.

Eric R. Helms, Andrea Valdez, and Andy Morgan. The muscle and strength training pyramid 2. 2019.

Heaselgrave, S.R., et al., Dose-Response of Weekly Resistance Training Volume and Frequency on Muscular Adaptations in Trained Males. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. [Epub ahead of print]: p. 1–28, 2018.

 

Sekundär-Quellen:

Lixandrão, M.E., et al., Magnitude of muscle strength and mass adaptations between high-load resistance training versus low-load resistance training associated with blood-flow restriction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 48(2): p. 361-78, 2018.

Daniel W Robbins, Paul WM Marshall, and Megan McEwen. The effect of training volume on lower-body strengthThe Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 26(1): p. 34–39, 2012.

Regis Radaelli, Steven J Fleck, Thalita Leite, Richard D Leite, Ronei S Pinto, Liliam Fernandes, and Roberto Simao. Dose-response of 1, 3, and 5 sets of resistance exercise on strength, local muscular endurance, and hypertrophy. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 29(5): p. 1349–1358, 2015.

Gerson E Campos, Thomas J Luecke, Heather K Wendeln, Kumika Toma, Fredrick C Hagerman, Thomas F Murray, Kerry E Ragg, Nicholas A Ratamess, William J Kraemer, and Robert S Staron. Muscular adaptations in response to three different resistance-training regimens: specificity of repetition maximum training zones. European journal of applied physiology. 88(1-2): p. 50–60, 2002.

Juan J Gonzalez-Badillo, Esteban M Gorostiaga, Raul Arellano, and Mikel Izquierdo. Moderate resistance training volume produces more favorable strength gains than high or low volumes during a short-term training cycle. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 19(3): p. 689–697, 2005.

Loren ZF Chiu and Jacque L Barnes. The fitness-fatigue model revisited: Implications for planning short-and long-term training. Strength & Conditioning Journal. 25(6): p. 42–51, 2003.

Fry, Andrew C., and William J. Kraemer. ‚Resistance exercise overtraining and overreaching.‘ Sports medicine. 23(2): p. 106-129, 1997.

Brad J Schoenfeld, Nicholas A Ratamess, Mark D Peterson, Bret Contreras, GT Sonmez, and Brent A Alvar. Effects of different volume-equated resistance training loading strategies on muscular adaptations in well-trained men. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research.  28(10): p. 2909–2918, 2014.

Matthew R Rhea, Stephen D Ball, Wayne T Phillips, and Lee N Burkett. A comparison of linear and daily undulating periodized programs with equated volume and intensity for strength. The Journal of strength & conditioning research. 16(2): p. 250-255, 2002.

Schoenfeld, B.J., et al.,. Differential effects of heavy versus moderate loads on measures of strength and hypertrophy in resistance-trained men. J Sports Sci Med. 15(4): p. 715, 2016.

Robbins, D.W., P.W. Marshall, and M. McEwen, The effect of training volume on lower- body strength. J Strength Cond Res. 26(1): p. 34–9, 2012.

Amirthalingam T., et al.,. Effects of a modified German volume training program on muscular hypertrophy and strength. J Strength Cond Res. 31(11): p. 3109–19, 2017.

Hackett D.A., et al., Effects of a 12-Week Modified German Volume Training Program on Muscle Strength and Hypertrophy—A Pilot Study. Sports. 6(1): p. 7 ,2018.

Pistilli, E.E., et al., Incorporating one week of planned overreaching into the training program of weightlifters. Strength Cond J. 30(6): p. 39–44, 2008.

Helms, E.R., et al., Recommendations for natural bodybuilding contest preparation: resistance and cardiovascular training. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 55(3): p. 164, 2015.

Schoenfeld, B.J., et al., Resistance Training Volume Enhances Muscle Hypertrophy. Med Sci Sports Exerc. [Epub ahead of print], 2018.

Primär-Quellen:

Davies, T., et al., Erratum to: Effect of Training Leading to Repetition Failure on Muscular Strength: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med. 46(4): p. 605–10, 2016.

Schoenfeld, B.J., et al., Strength and Hypertrophy Adaptations Between Low- vs. High-Load Resistance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res. 31(12): p. 3508–23, 2017.

Brad J Schoenfeld, Mark D Peterson, Dan Ogborn, Bret Contreras, and Gul T Sonmez. Effects of low- vs. high-load resistance training on muscle strength and hypertrophy in well-trained men. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 29(10): p. 2954–2963, 2015.

Michael C Zourdos, Alex Klemp, Chad Dolan, Justin M Quiles, Kyle A Schau, Edward Jo, Eric Helms, Ben Esgro, Scott Duncan, Sonia Garcia Merino, et al. Novel resistance training–specific rating of perceived exertion scale measuring repetitions in reserve. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 30(1): p. 267–275, 2016.

Schoenfeld, B.J., et al., Muscular adaptations in low- versus high-load resistance training: A meta-analysis. Eur J Sport Sci. P. 1–10, 2014.

 

Sekundär-Quellen:

Lars Holm, Søren Reitelseder, Troels Gravers Pedersen, Simon Doessing, Susanne Germann Petersen, Allan Flyvbjerg, Jesper Loevind Andersen, Per Aagaard, and Michael Kjaer. Changes in muscle size and mhc composition in response to resistance exercise with heavy and light loading intensity. Journal of applied physiology. 105(5): p. 1454–1461, 2008.

ER Helms, Peter J Fitschen, AA Aragon, John Cronin, and Brad J Schoenfeld. Recommendations for natural bodybuilding contest preparation: resistance and cardiovascular training. Journal of Sports Medicine Physical Fitness. 55(3): p. 164–178, 2015.

Andrew C Fry. The role of resistance exercise intensity on muscle fibre adaptations. Sports medicine. 34(10): p. 663–679, 2004.

Mikel Izquierdo, Javier Ibanez, Juan Jose Gonzalez-Badillo, Keijo Hakkinen, Nicholas A ¨Ratamess, William J Kraemer, Duncan N French, Jesus Eslava, Aritz Altadill, Xabier Asiain,et al. Differential effects of strength training leading to failure versus not to failure on hormonal responses, strength, and muscle power gains. Journal of Applied Physiology. 100(5): p. 1647–1656, 2006.

Olivier Roger Seynnes, Maarten de Boer, and Marco Vincenzo Narici. Early skeletal muscle hypertrophy and architectural changes in response to high-intensity resistance training. Journal of Applied Physiology. 102(1): p. 368–373, 2007.

Snyder, Benjamin J., and Wesley R. Fry. ‚Effect of verbal instruction on muscle activity during the bench press exercise.‚ The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 26(9): p. 2394-2400, 2012.

Ciaran M Fairman, Eric R Helms, and Brian C Focht. Resistance exercise prescription using rate of perceived exertion in exercise oncology-a novel concept: 1287 board# 8 june 2, 8: 00 am-10: 00 am. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 48(5 Suppl 1): p. 334, 2016.

Eric R Helms, John Cronin, Adam Storey, and Michael C Zourdos. Application of the repetitions in reserve-based rating of perceived exertion scale for resistance training. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 2016.

West, Daniel WD, and Stuart M. Phillips. ‚Associations of exercise-induced hormone profiles and gains in strength and hypertrophy in a large cohort after weight training.‘ European journal of applied physiology. 112(7): p. 2693-2702, 2012.

Richens, B. and D.J. Cleather, The relationship between the number of repetitions performed at given intensities is different in endurance and strength-trained athletes. Biol Sport. 31(2): p. 157–161, 2014.

Morán-Navarro R., et al., Time course of recovery following resistance training leading or not to failure. Eur J Appl Physiol. 117(12): p. 2387–99, 2017.

Zourdos, M.C., et al., Efficacy of daily one-repetition maximum training in well-trained powerlifters and weightlifters: a case series. Nutrición Hospitalaria. 33(2): p. 437–43, 2016.

Pareja-Blanco, F., et al., Time Course of Recovery From Resistance Exercise With Different Set Configurations. J Strength Cond Res. [Epub ahead of print], 2018.

Gonzalez-Badillo, J.J., M. Izquierdo, and E.M. Gorostiaga, Moderate volume of high relative training intensity produces greater strength gains compared with low and high volumes in competitive weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res. 20(1): p. 73–81, 2006.

Lasevicius, T., et al., Effects of different intensities of resistance training with equated volume load on muscle strength and hypertrophy. Eur J Sport Sci. 18(6): p. 772–80, 2018.

Perlmutter, J.H., et al., Total Repetitions Per Set Effects Repetitions in Reserve-based Rating of Perceived Exertion Accuracy: 3648 Board #95 June 3 8:00 AM – 9:30 AM. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 49(5S): p. 1043 , 2017.

Lima, B.M., et al., Planned Load Reduction Versus Fixed Load: A Strategy to Reduce the Perception of Effort With Similar Improvements in Hypertrophy and Strength. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. [Epub ahead of print], 2018.

Primär-Quellen:

Brad J Schoenfeld, Dan Ogborn, and James W Krieger. Effects of resistance training frequency on measures of muscle hypertrophy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine. p. 1–9, 2016.

Grgic, J., et al., Effect of resistance training frequency on gains in muscular strength: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 48(5): p. 1207–20, 2018.

Brad J Schoenfeld, Nicholas A Ratamess, Mark D Peterson, Bret Contreras, and Gul TiryakiSonmez. Influence of resistance training frequency on muscular adaptations in well-trained men. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 29(7): p. 1821–1829, 2015.

Ralston, G.W., et al., Weekly Training Frequency Effects on Strength Gain: A Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine-Open. 4(1): p. 36, 2018.

 

Sekundär-Quellen:

Darren G Candow and Darren G Burke. Effect of short-term equal-volume resistance training with different workout frequency on muscle mass and strength in untrained men and women. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 21(1): p. 204–207, 2007.

J Duncan MacDougall, Martin J Gibala, Mark A Tarnopolsky, Jay R MacDonald, Stephen A Interisano, and Kevin E Yarasheski. The time course for elevated muscle protein synthesis following heavy resistance exercise. Canadian journal of applied physiology. 20(4): p. 480–486, 1995.

Stuart M Phillips, KEVIN D Tipton, ASLE Aarsland, Steven E Wolf, and Robert R Wolfe. Mixed muscle protein synthesis and breakdown after resistance exercise in humans. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology And Metabolism. 273(1): E99–E107, 1997.

T. Raastad. Powerlifters improved strength and muscular adaptations to a greater extent when equal total training volume was divided into 6 compared to 3 training sessions per week. 2012.

John R McLester, E Bishop, ME Guilliams, et al. Comparison of 1 day and 3 days per week of equal-volume resistance training in experienced subjects. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 14(3): p. 273–281, 2000.

Hartman, M.J., et al., Comparisons between twice-daily and once-daily training sessions in male weight lifters. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2(2): p. 159–69, 2007.

Hakkinen, K. and M. Kallinen, Distribution of strength training volume into one or two daily sessions and neuromuscular adaptations in female athletes. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 34(2): p. 117–24, 1994.

Hakkinen, K. and A. Pakarinen, Serum hormones in male strength athletes during intensive short-term strength training. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 63(3–4): p. 194-9, 1991.

Nuckols, Greg. “Training Frequency for Strength Development: What the Data Say.”. www.strongerbyscience.com/training-frequency/, 2018

Primär-Quellen:

Mann, J.B. et al. The effect of autoregulatory progressive resistance exercise vs. linear periodization on strength improvement in college athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 24(7): p. 1718–1723, 2010.

Timmons, J.A., Variability in training-induced skeletal muscle adaptation. J Appl Physiol. 110(3): p. 846–53, 2011.

Pritchard, H., et al., Effects and Mechanisms of Tapering in Maximizing Muscular Strength. Strength Cond J. 37(2): p. 72–83, 2015.

 

Sekundär-Quellen:

Baker, D.G., 10-year changes in upper body strength and power in elite professional rugby league players–the effect of training age, stage, and content. J Strength Cond Res. 27(2): p. 285–92, 2013.

Issurin,V.B., New horizons for the methodology and physiology of training periodization. Sports Med. 40(3): p. 189–206, 2010.

Zourdos, M.C., et al., Novel resistance training–specific rating of perceived exertion scale measuring repetitions in reserve. J Strength Cond Res. 30(1): p. 267–75, 2016.

Hackett, D.A., et al., A novel scale to assess resistance-exercise effort. J Sports Sci. 30(13): p. 1405–13, 2012.

Helms, E.R., et al., Recommendations for natural bodybuilding contest preparation: resistance and cardiovascular training. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 55(3): p. 164-78, 2015.

Buford, T.W., et al., A comparison of periodization models during nine weeks with equated volume and intensity for strength. J Strength Cond Res. 21(4): p. 1245– 50, 2007.

Kok, L.Y., P.W. Hamer, and D.J. Bishop, Enhancing muscular qualities in untrained women: linear versus undulating periodization. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 41(9): p. 1797–807, 2009.

Monteiro, A.G., et al., Nonlinear periodization maximizes strength gains in split resistance training routines. J Strength Cond Res. 23(4): p. 1321–6, 2009.

Painter, K.B., et al., Strength gains: block versus daily undulating periodization weight training among track and field athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 7(2): p. 161–9, 2012.

Rhea, M.R., et al., A comparison of linear and daily undulating periodized programs with equated volume and intensity for strength. J Strength Cond Res. 16(2): p. 250–5, 2002.

Prestes, J., et al., Comparison of linear and reverse linear periodization effects on maximal strength and body composition. J Strength Cond Res.. 23(1): p. 266–74. 2009

Willoughby, D.S., The effects of mesocycle-length weight training programs involving periodization and partially equated volumes on upper and lower body strength. J Strength Cond Res. 7(1): p. 2–8, 1993.

Zourdos, M.C., et al., Modified Daily Undulating Periodization Model Produces Greater Performance Than a Traditional Configuration in Powerlifters. J Strength Cond Res. 30(3): p. 784–91, 2016.

Bartolomei, S., et al., A comparison of traditional and block periodized strength training programs in trained athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 28(4): p. 990–7, 2014.

Kiely, J., Periodization paradigms in the 21st century: evidence-led or tradition-driven? Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 7(3): p. 242–50, 2012.

Kiely, J., New horizons for the methodology and physiology of training periodization: block periodization: new horizon or a false dawn? Sports Med. 40(9): p. 803–5; author reply 805–7, 2010.

Tsoukos, A., et al., Delayed Effects of a Low-Volume, Power-Type Resistance Exercise Session on Explosive Performance. J Strength Cond Res. 32(3): p. 643–50, 2018.

Primär-Quellen:

dos Santos, W.D., et al., Effects of Variable Resistance Training on Maximal Strength: A Meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res. 32(11): e52-5, 2018.

Simao, R., et al., Exercise order in resistance training. Sports Med. 42(3): p. 251–65, 2012.

Rauch, J.T., et al., Auto-regulated exercise selection training regimen produces small increases in lean body mass and maximal strength adaptations in strength-trained individuals. J Strength Cond Res. [Epub ahead of print], 2017.

Eric R. Helms, Andrea Valdez, and Andy Morgan. The muscle and strength training pyramid 2. 2019.

Kompf, J., Arandjelović, O., Understanding and overcoming the sticking point in resistance exercise. Sports Med. 46(6): p. 751-62, 2016.

 

Sekundär-Quellen:

Boeckh-Behrens, W.U. and Buskies, W., Fitness-Krafttraining. Die besten Übungen und Methoden für Sport und Gesundheit (Fitness – Strength Training: The Best Exercises And Methods For Sports And Health). Hamburg, 2000.

Botton, C.E., Wilhelm, E.N., Ughini CE. Electromyographical analysis of the deltoid between different strength training exercises. Medicina Sportiva. 17(2): p. 67–71, 2013.

Landin, D. and M. Thompson, The shoulder extension function of the triceps brachii. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 21(1): p. 161–5, 2011.

Marchetti, P.H. and M.C. Uchida, Effects of the pullover exercise on the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles as evaluated by EMG. J Appl Biomech. 27(4): p. 380-4, 2011.

Stone, M., S. Plisk, and D. Collins, Training principles: evaluation of modes and methods of resistance training–a coaching perspective. Sports Biomech. 1(1): p. 79–103, 2002.

Chilibeck, P.D., et al., A comparison of strength and muscle mass increases during resistance training in young women. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 77(1–2): p. 170–5, 1998.

Seynnes, O.R., M. de Boer, and M.V. Narici, Early skeletal muscle hypertrophy and architectural changes in response to high-intensity resistance training. J Appl Physiol. 102(1): p. 368–73, 2007.

Fry, A.C., The role of resistance exercise intensity on muscle fiber adaptations. Sports Med. 34(10): p. 663–79, 2004.

Helms, E.R., et al., Recommendations for natural bodybuilding contest preparation: resistance and cardiovascular training. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 2014.

Fonseca, R.M., et al., Changes in exercises are more effective than in loading schemes to improve muscle strength. J Strength Cond Res. 28(11): p. 3085-92, 2014.

Woodley, S.J. and S.R. Mercer, Hamstring muscles: architecture and innervation. Cells, Tissues, Organs. 179(3): p. 125–41, 2005.

Glass, S.C. and T. Armstrong, Electromyographical activity of the pectoralis muscle during incline and decline bench presses. J Strength Cond Res. 11(3): p. 163–167, 1997.

Antonio, J., Nonuniform response of skeletal muscle to heavy resistance training: Can bodybuilders induce regional muscle hypertrophy? J Strength Cond Res. 14(1): p. 102–113, 2000.

Schoenfeld, B.J., The mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and their application to resistance training. J Strength Cond Res. 24(10): p. 2857–72, 2010.

Snyder, B.J. and J.R. Leech, Voluntary increase in latissimus dorsi muscle activity during the lat pull-down following expert instruction. J Strength Cond Res. 23(8): p. 2204–9, 2009.

Kubo, T., Hirayama, K., Nakamura, N. and Higuchi, M., Influence of Different Loads on Force-Time Characteristics during Back Squats. J Sports Sci Med. 17(4): p. 617-22, 2018.

Kubo, T., Hirayama, K., Nakamura, N. and Higuchi, M., Effect of Accommodating Elastic Bands on Mechanical Power Output during Back Squats. Sports. 6(4): p. 151, 2018.

Peltonen, H., et al., Increased rate of force development during periodized maximum strength and power training is highly individual. Eur J Appl Physiol. 118(5): p. 1033-42, 2018.

Snyder, B.J. and W.R. Fry, Effect of verbal instruction on muscle activity during the bench press exercise. J Strength Cond Res. 26(9): p. 2394–400, 2012.

Simão, R., et al., Influence of exercise order on repetition performance during low-intensity resistance exercise. Res Sports Med. 20(3–4): p. 263–273, 2012.

Paulo Gentil, Saulo Soares, and Martim Bottaro. Single vs. multi-joint resistance exercises: Effects on muscle strength and hypertrophy. Asian journal of sports medicine. 6(2), 2015.

Hughes, L., et al., Blood flow restriction training in clinical musculoskeletal rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 51(13): p. 1003–11, 2017

Primär-Quellen:

Grgic, J., et al., Effects of rest interval duration in resistance training on measures of muscular strength: a systematic review. Sports Med. 48(1): p. 137–51, 2018.

Morán-Navarro, R., et al., Time course of recovery following resistance training leading or not to failure. Eur J Appl Physiol. 117(12): p. 2387–99, 2017.

Grgic, J., et al., The effects of short versus long inter-set rest intervals in resistance training on measures of muscle hypertrophy: A systematic review. Eur J Sport Sci. 17(8): p. 983–93, 2017.

 

Sekundär-Quellen:

Schoenfeld, B.J., Postexercise hypertrophic adaptations: a reexamination of the hormone hypothesis and its applicability to resistance training program design. J Strength Cond Res. 27(6): p. 1720-30, 2013.

Loenneke, J.P., et al., Blood flow restriction: the metabolite/volume threshold theory. Med Hypotheses. 77(5): p. 748-52, 2011.

Phillips, S.M., Physiologic and molecular bases of muscle hypertrophy and atrophy: impact of resistance exercise on human skeletal muscle (protein and exercise dose effects). Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 34(3): p. 403- 10, 2009.

West, D.W. and S.M. Phillips, Anabolic processes in human skeletal muscle: restoring the identities of growth hormone and testosterone. Phys Sportsmed. 38(3): p. 97-104, 2010.

West, D.W., et al., Elevations in ostensibly anabolic hormones with resistance exercise enhance neither training-induced muscle hypertrophy nor strength of the elbow flexors. J Appl Physiol (1985). 108(1): p. 60-7, 2010.

West, D.W., et al., Resistance exercise-induced increases in putative anabolic hormones do not enhance muscle protein synthesis or intracellular signalling in young men. J Physiol. 587(Pt 21): p. 5239–47, 2009.

West, D.W. and S.M. Phillips, Associations of exercise-induced hormone profiles and gains in strength and hypertrophy in a large cohort after weight training. Eur J Appl Physiol. 112(7): p. 2693–702, 2012.

Ehrnborg, C., et al., Supraphysiological growth hormone: less fat, more extracellular fluid but uncertain effects on muscles in healthy, active young adults. Clin Endocrinol. 62(4): p. 449–57, 2005.

Buresh, R., K. Berg, and J. French, The effect of resistive exercise rest interval on hormonal response, strength, and hypertrophy with training. J Strength Cond Res. 23(1): p. 2–5, 2009.

Schoenfeld, B.J., The mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and their application to resistance training. J Strength Cond Res. 24(10): p. 2857–72, 2010.

Schoenfeld, B.J., et al., Effects of Low- Versus High-Load Resistance Training on Muscle Strength and Hypertrophy in Well-Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res, 2015.

Schoenfeld, B.J., Potential mechanisms for a role of metabolic stress in hypertrophic adaptations to resistance training. Sports Med. 43(3): p. 179–94, 2013.

Helms, E.R., et al., Recommendations for natural bodybuilding contest preparation: resistance and cardiovascular training. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 55(3): p. 164–78, 2015.

de Salles, B.F., et al., Rest interval between sets in strength training. Sports Med. 39(9): p. 765–77, 2009.

Villanueva, M.G., C.J. Lane, and E.T. Schroeder, Short rest interval lengths between sets optimally enhance body composition and performance with 8 weeks of strength resistance training in older men. Eur J Appl Physiol. 115(2): p. 295–308, 2015.

Henselmans, M. and B.J. Schoenfeld, The effect of inter-set rest intervals on resistance exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy. Sports Med. 44(12): p. 1635–43, 2014.

Flann, K.L., et al., Muscle damage and muscle remodeling: no pain, no gain? J Exp Biol. 214(Pt 4): p. 674–9, 2011.

Zourdos, M.C., et al., The repeated bout effect in muscle-specific exercise variations. J Strength Cond Res, 2015.

Clarkson, P.M., K. Nosaka, and B. Braun, Muscle function after exercise-induced muscle damage and rapid adaptation. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 24(5): p. 512–20, 1992.

Paulsen, G., et al., Leucocytes, cytokines and satellite cells: what role do they play in muscle damage and regeneration following eccentric exercise? Exerc Immunol Rev. 18: p. 42–97, 2012.

de Souza, T.P.J., et al., Comparison Between constant and decreasing rest intervals: influence on maximal strength and hypertrophy. J Strength Cond Res. 24(7): p. 1843–1850, 2010.

Ahtiainen, J.P., et al., Short vs. long rest period between the sets in hypertrophic resistance training: Influence on muscle strength, size, and hormonal adaptations in trained men. J Strength Cond Res. 19(3): p. 572–582, 2005.

Schoenfeld, B.J., et al., Effects of different volume-equated resistance training loading strategies on muscular adaptations in well-trained men. J Strength Cond Res. 28(10): p. 2909-18, 2014.

Robbins, D.W., W.B. Young, and D.G. Behm, The effect of an upper-body agonist- antagonist resistance training protocol on volume load and efficiency. J Strength Cond Res. 24(10): p. 2632–40, 2010.

Robbins, D.W., et al., Agonist-antagonist paired set resistance training: a brief review. J Strength Cond Res,. 24(10): p. 2873–82 2010.

Maia, M.F., et al., Effects of different rest intervals between antagonist paired sets on repetition performance and muscle activation. J Strength Cond Res. 28(9): p. 2529–35, 2014.

Ciccone, A.B., et al., Effects of traditional vs. alternating whole-body strength training on squat performance. J Strength Cond Res. 28(9): p. 2569–77, 2014.

Ozaki, H., et al., Effects of drop sets with resistance training on increases in muscle CSA, strength, and endurance: a pilot study. J Sports Sci. 36(6): p. 691–6, 2018.

Prestes, J., et al., Strength And Muscular Adaptations Following 6 Weeks Of Rest-Pause Versus Traditional Multiple-Sets Resistance Training In Trained Subjects. J Strength Cond Res. [Epub ahead of print], 2017.

Primär-Quellen:

Roig, M., et al., The effects of eccentric versus concentric resistance training on muscle strength and mass in healthy adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 43(8): p. 556–68, 2009.

Schoenfeld, B.J., D.I. Ogborn, and J.W. Krieger, Effect of repetition duration during resistance training on muscle hypertrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 45(4): p. 577–85, 2015.

Schoenfeld, B.J., et al., Hypertrophic effects of concentric vs. eccentric muscle actions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res. 31(9): p. 2599–608, 2017.

Buskard, A.N., Gregg, H.R., Ahn, S., Supramaximal Eccentrics Versus Traditional Loading in Improving Lower-Body 1RM: A Meta-Analysis. Res Q Exerc Sport. 89(3): p. 340–6, 2018.

Lim, H.Y., Wong, S.H., Effects of isometric, eccentric, or heavy slow resistance exercises on pain and function in individuals with patellar tendinopathy: A systematic review. Physiother Res Int. 23(4): E1721, 2018.

 

Sekundär-Quellen:

Garhammer, J., A review of power output studies of Olympic and powerlifting: Methodology, performance prediction, and evaluation tests. J Strength Cond Res. 7(2): p. 76–89, 1993.

Zourdos, M.C., et al., Novel Resistance Training-Specific RPE Scale Measuring Repetitions in Reserve. J Strength Cond Res. 30(1): p. 267-75, 2016.

Mohamad, N.I., J.B. Cronin, and K.K. Nosaka, Difference in kinematics and kinetics between high- and low-velocity resistance loading equated by volume: implications for hypertrophy training. J Strength Cond Res. 26(1): p. 269–75, 2012.

Headley, S.A., et al., Effects of lifting tempo on one repetition maximum and hormonal responses to a bench press protocol. J Strength Cond Res. 25(2): p. 406–13, 2011.

Westcott, W.L., et al., Effects of regular and slow speed resistance training on muscle strength. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 41(2): p. 154–8, 2001.

Hunter, G.R., D. Seelhorst, and S. Snyder, Comparison of metabolic and heart rate responses to super slow vs. traditional resistance training. J Strength Cond Res. 17(1): p. 76–81, 2003.

Kim, E., et al., Effects of 4 weeks of traditional resistance training vs. superslow strength training on early phase adaptations in strength, flexibility, and aerobic capacity in college-aged women. J Strength Cond Res. 25(11): p. 3006–13, 2011.

Keeler, L.K., et al., Early-phase adaptations of traditional-speed vs. superslow resistance training on strength and aerobic capacity in sedentary individuals. J Strength Cond Res. 15(3): p. 309–314, 2001.

Neils, C.M., et al., Influence of contraction velocity in untrained individuals over the initial early phase of resistance training. J Strength Cond Res. 19(4): p. 883–887, 2005.

Gonzalez-Badillo, J.J., et al., Maximal intended velocity training induces greater gains in bench press performance than deliberately slower half- velocity training. Eur J Sport Sci. 14(8): p. 772–81, 2014.

K Bloomquist, Henning Langberg, Stine Karlsen, S Madsgaard, M Boesen, and Truls Raastad. Effect of range of motion in heavy load squatting on muscle and tendon adaptations. European journal of applied physiology. 113(8): p. 2133–2142, 2013.

Ronei S Pinto, Naiara Gomes, Regis Radaelli, Cıntia E Botton, Lee E Brown, and Martim Bottaro. Effect of range of motion on muscle strength and thickness. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 26(8): p. 2140–2145, 2012.

Behm, D.G., Neuromuscular implications and applications of resistance training. J Strength Cond Res. 9(4): p. 264–74, 1995.

Sale, D.G., Neural adaptation to resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 20(5 Suppl): p. S135–45, 1988.

Gerard E McMahon, Christopher I Morse, Adrian Burden, Keith Winwood, and Gladys L Onambele. Impact of range of motion during ecologically valid resistance training protocols ´ on muscle size, subcutaneous fat, and strength. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 28(1): p. 245–255, 2014.

Gerard E McMahon, Gladys L Onambele-Pearson, Christopher I Morse, Adrian M Burden, ´ and Keith Winwood. How deep should you squat to maximise a holistic training response? electromyographic, energetic, cardiovascular, hypertrophic and mechanical evidence. 2013.

Tim N Shepstone, Jason E Tang, Stephane Dallaire, Mark D Schuenke, Robert S Staron, and Stuart M Phillips. Short-term high-vs. low-velocity isokinetic lengthening training results in greater hypertrophy of the elbow flexors in young men. Journal of Applied Physiology. 98(5): p. 1768–1776, 2005.

Daniel R Moore, Stuart M Phillips, John A Babraj, Kenneth Smith, and Michael J Rennie. Myofibrillar and collagen protein synthesis in human skeletal muscle in young men after maximal shortening and lengthening contractions. American Journal of PhysiologyEndocrinology and Metabolism. 288(6): E1153–E1159, 2005

Primär-Quellen:

Kay, AD and AJ Blazevich, Effect of acute static stretch on maximal muscle performance: a systematic review. med sci sports exerc. 44(1): p. 154-164, 2012.

 

Sekundär-Quellen:

Shellock, FG and WE Prentice, Warming-up and stretching for improved physical performance and prevention of sports-related injuries. Sports med. 2(4): p. 267-78, 1985.

McHugh MP, et al, To stretch or not to stretch: the role of stretching in injury prevention and performance. Scand J med sci sports. 20(2): p. 169-81, 2010.

Behm, DG, et al, A review of the acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on performance. Eur J appl physiol. 111(11): p. 2633-51, 2011.

MacDonald, GZ, et al., An acute bout of self-myofascial release increases range of motion without a subsequent decrease in muscle activation or force. The Journal of strength & conditioning research. 27(3): p. 812-821, 2013.

Primär-Quellen:

Eric R. Helms, Andrea Valdez, and Andy Morgan. The muscle and strength training pyramid 2. 2019

 

Sekundär-Quellen:

Bartholomew, J.B., et al., Strength gains after resistance training: the effect of stressful, negative life events. J strength cond res. 22(4): p. 1215-21, 2008.

Alhola, Paula, and Päivi Polo-Kantola. ‚Sleep deprivation: Impact on cognitive performance.‘ Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment. 3(5): p. 553, 2007.

Dattilo, Murilo, et al. ‚Sleep and muscle recovery: endocrinological and molecular basis for a new and promising hypothesis.‘ Medical hypotheses. 77(2): p. 220-222,  2011.

Chaput, Jean-Philippe, and Angelo Tremblay. ‚Adequate sleep to improve the treatment of obesity.‘ Canadian Medical Association Journal. 184(18): p.  1975-1976, 2012.

Nedeltcheva, Arlet V., et al. ‚Insufficient sleep undermines dietary efforts to reduce adiposity.‘ Annals of internal medicine. 153(7): p.  435-441, 2010.

Ernährungs-Wissenschaftliche Grundlage

Primär-Quellen:

Peterson, M.D., M.R. Rhea, and B.A. Alvar, Applications of the dose- response for muscular strength development: a review of meta-analytic efficacy and reliability for designing training prescription. J Strength Cond Res. 19(4): p. 950–8, 2005.

Fagerberg, P., Negative consequences of low energy availability in natural male bodybuilding: a review. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 28(4): p.385–402, 2018.

Hall, Kevin D. ‚What is the required energy deficit per unit weight loss?.‘ International Journal of Obesity. 32(3): p. 573-576, 2008.

Helms, E.R., A.A. Aragon, and P.J. Fitschen, Evidence-based recommendations for natural bodybuilding contest preparation: nutrition and supplementation. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 11: p. 20, 2014.

Eric R. Helms, Andrea Valdez, and Andy Morgan. The muscle and strength nutrition pyramid 2. 2019.

 

Sekundär-Quellen:

Ina Garthe, Truls Raastad, Per Egil Refsnes, and Jorunn Sundgot-Borgen. Effect of nutritional intervention on body composition and performance in elite athletes. European Journal of Sport Science. 13(3): p. 295-303,PMID: 23679146, 2013.

Gilbert B. Forbes. Body fat content influences the body composition response to nutrition and exercise. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 904(1): p. 359-365, 2000.

A. J. Tomiyama, T. Mann, D. Vinas, J. M. Hunger, J. DeJager, and S. E Taylor. Low calorie dieting increases cortisol. Psychosomatic Medicine. P. 357-364, 2010.

Stefan M. Pasiakos, Lisa M. Vislocky, John W. Carbone, Nicholas Altieri, Karen Konopelski, Hedley C. Freake, Jeffrey M. Anderson, Arny A. Ferrando, Robert R. Wolfe, and Nancy R. Rodriguez. Acute energy deprivation affects skeletal muscle protein synthesis and associated intracellular signaling proteins in physically active adults. The Journal of Nutrition. 140(4): p. 745-751, 2010.

Levine, James A., Norman L. Eberhardt, and Michael D. Jensen. ‚Role of nonexercise activity thermogenesis in resistance to fat gain in humans.‘ Science.  283(5399): p. 212-214, 1999.

Ogasawara, Riki, et al. ‚Effects of periodic and continued resistance training on muscle CSA and strength in previously untrained men.‘ Clinical physiology and functional imaging. 31(5): p. 399-404, 2011.

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Eric R. Helms, Andrea Valdez, and Andy Morgan. The muscle and strength nutrition pyramid 2. 2019.

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Jose Antonio, Corey A. Peacock, Anya Ellerbroek, Brandon Fromho , and Tobin Silver. The effects of consuming a high protein diet (4.4 g/kg/d) on body composition in resistance-trained individuals. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 11(1): p. 19, 2014.

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Helms, Eric R., Alan A. Aragon, and Peter J. Fitschen. ‚Evidence-based recommendations for natural bodybuilding contest preparation: nutrition and supplementation.‘ Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 11(1): p. 20, 2014.

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Alan Albert Aragon and Brad Jon Schoenfeld. Nutrient timing revisited: is there a post-exercise anabolic window? Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 10(1): p. 5, 2013

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Oliver C Witard, Sarah R Jackman, Leigh Breen, Kenneth Smith, Anna Selby, and Kevin D Tipton. Myo brillar muscle protein synthesis rates subsequent to a meal in response to increasing doses of whey protein at rest and after resistance exercise. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 99(1): p. 86 95, 2014.

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Halliday, T.M., J.P. Loenneke, and B.M. Davy, Dietary Intake, Body Composition, and Menstrual Cycle Changes during Competition Preparation and Recovery in a Drug-Free Figure Competitor: A Case Study. Nutrients. 8(11), 2016.

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